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''Ghazi'' (, ') is an Arabic term originally referring to an individual who participates in ''Ghazw'' (, '), meaning military expeditions or raiding; after the emergence of Islam, it took on new connotations of religious warfare. The related word ''Ghazwa'' ( ') is a singulative form meaning a battle or military expedition, often one led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.〔Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa,"''(Islamic Rulings on Warfare'' )", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, ISBN 1-4289-1039-5 pg. 6.〕 In English language literature the word often appears as ''razzia'', a borrowing from French via Italian. In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus, starting as early as the late 18th century's Sheikh Mansur's resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form ''gazavat'' (газават).〔(The Background of Chechen Independence Movement II: The Sufi Resistance )〕 == Ghazi as raid—razzia == In medieval Bedouin culture, ghazw() was a form of limited warfare verging on brigandage that avoided head-on confrontations and instead emphasized raiding and looting, usually of livestock. The Umayyad-period Bedouin poet al-Kutami wrote the oft-quoted verses: "Our business is to make raids on the enemy, on our neighbor and our own brother, in the event we find none to raid but a brother." (Semi-institutionalized raiding of livestock herds was not unique to the Bedouins; the Soviet anthropologists adopted the Kazakh word ''barymta'' to describe similar practices of nomads in the Eurasian steppes.) William Montgomery Watt hypothesized that Muhammad found it useful to divert this continuous internecine warfare toward his enemies, making it the basis of his war strategy; according to Watt, the celebrated battle of Badr started as one such razzia. As a form of warfare, the ''razzia'' was then mimicked by the Christian states of Iberia in their relations with the taifa states; rough synonyms and similar tactics are the Iberian ''cavalgada'' and the Anglo-French ''chevauchée''. The word ''razzia'' is used in French colonial context particularly for raids to plunder and capture slaves from among the people of Western and Central Africa, also known as ''rezzou'' when practiced by the Tuareg. The word was adopted from ''ġaziya'' of Algerian Arabic vernacular and later became a figurative name for any act of pillage, with its verb form ''razzier''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ghazi (warrior)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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